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:''This article refers to the Syrian organisation called the Muslim Brotherhood; for other organisations that use the same name, see the Muslim Brotherhood article.'' The Muslim Brotherhood of Syria ((アラビア語:الإخوان المسلمون في سوريا) ''Al-Ikhwan Al-Muslimun fi Suriya''), formerly the Islamic Socialist Front, has been described as "a branch" of the Sunni Islamist Muslim Brotherhood,〔 and as "very loosely affiliated" to the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood.〔 In its most recent April 2012 manifesto it "pledges to respect individual rights", to promote pluralism and democracy, and does not even "mention the word Islam".〔Khaled Yacoub Oweis ("Syria's Muslim Brotherhood rise from the ashes," ) Reuters (6 May 2012).〕〔("Syria Muslim Brotherhood Issues Post-Assad State-for-All Commitment Charter," ) ikhwanweb.com (The Muslim Brotherhood's Official English web site) (7 April 2012).〕 Founded sometime before or at the end of World War II, the Muslim Brotherhood of Syria was seen as one of several important political parties in the 1950s. When Syria unified with Egypt to form the United Arab Republic, the disbanding of the Muslim Brotherhood as a political party was a condition of union, one complicated by Gamal Abdel Nasser's conflict in Egypt with the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood. The Syrian Muslim Brotherhood was banned by the government of the Syrian Arab Republic starting after the 1963 coup by the secularist, pan-Arabist Ba'ath Party.〔Wright, Robin, ''Dreams and Shadows : the Future of the Middle East'', Penguin Press, 2008, p.241. ISBN 1594201110.〕 The Muslim Brotherhood played a major role in dissent against the secular Ba'ath Party during the period 1976-1982,〔Middle East Watch. Syria Unmasked: The Suppression of Human Rights by the Assad Regime. New Haven: Yale UP, 1991〕 and membership in the Brotherhood in Syria became a capital offence in 1980.〔Wright, ''Dreams and Shadows'', 2008, p.248〕 Following the Hama uprising of 1982 in the wake of the wider Islamist insurgency in Syria (1979–1982), when thousands of armed insurgents and civilians were killed by the military the Brotherhood was effectively broken as an active political force inside Syria. The Muslim Brotherhood in exile was among the 250 signatories of the Damascus Declaration of 2005, a statement of unity by Syrian opposition including the Arab nationalist National Democratic Rally, the Kurdish Democratic Alliance, the Committees of Civil Society, the Kurdish Democratic Front, and the Movement of the Future, and calling for "peaceful, gradual," reform "founded on accord, and based on dialogue and recognition of the other. " The Muslim Brotherhood did not have a significant initial role in the 2011 uprising in Syria which began in March 2011,〔(pp. 12-14. )〕 and protest crowds sometimes explicitly rejected any identification with political Islamists and with the Muslim Brotherhood specifically (such as the large protest in Jasem, Daraa, on April 28, 2011). The Syrian uprising's core population of protesters came from a younger generation which had come of age in a Syria without significant Muslim Brotherhood presence.〔http://www.fnvw.org/vertical/Sites/%7B8182BD6D-7C3B-4C35-B7F8-F4FD486C7CBD%7D/uploads/Syria_Special_Report-web.pdf〕 However, among the expatriated opposition, the Syrian Muslim Brotherhood has come to be seen by some as the "dominant group"〔 or "dominant force"〔 in the opposition during the Syrian Civil War as of spring 2012.〔(Syria’s Muslim Brotherhood is gaining influence over anti-Assad revolt ) By Liz Sly, Washington Post 12 May 2012〕 ==History== The Muslim Brotherhood in Syria was founded in the late 1930s or mid-1940s by Mustafa al-Sibai and Muhammad al-Mubarak al-Tayyib, who were friends and colleagues of the founder of Egypt's Muslim Brotherhood, Hassan al-Banna. In the first years of Syrian independence the Syrian Muslim Brotherhood was part of the legal opposition, and in the 1961 parliamentary elections it won ten seats. After the 1963 coup brought the secularist, pan-Arabist Ba'ath Party to power, it was banned.〔 The Brotherhood played a major role in the mainly Sunni-based resistance movement that opposed the secular Ba'ath Party, (since 1971 dominated by the Alawite Assad family, adding a religious element to its conflict with the Brotherhood). This conflict developed into an armed struggle in the late 1970s that climaxed in the Hama uprising of 1982, when thousands were killed by the military.〔 Membership in the Syrian Brotherhood became a capital offence in Syria in the 1980 (under Emergency Law 49)〔 and the Brotherhood was crushed, though it retained a network of support in the country, of unknown strength, and had external headquarters in London and Cyprus. In recent years it has renounced violence and adopted a reformist platform, calling for the establishment of a pluralistic, democratic political system. For many years the leader of the Syrian Muslim Brotherhood was Ali Sadreddine Al-Bayanouni, who lives as a political refugee in London. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Muslim Brotherhood of Syria」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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